Climate change - Revision history

Dian: /* What is climate change? */

2023-02-14T13:43:13Z

What is climate change?

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:43, 14 February 2023
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	= What is climate change? =		= What is climate change? =
	Climate change refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including temperature, precipitation and wind patterns. Climate change can be a natural shift, but since the 1800 humans have been the ~~mane~~ cause. Using and burning gas, oil and coal releases a lot of [[Greenhouse gas emission\| Greenhouse gas]]. Greenhouse gas emission traps the heat of the sun in the atmosphere, raising the temperature on earth. Carbon dioxide and methane are the main gasses that have an influence on ~~the~~ climate change. Climate change refers to changes in weather patterns and growing seasons around the world. It also refers to sea level rise caused by the expansion of warmer seas and melting ice sheets and glaciers.		Climate change refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including temperature, precipitation and wind patterns. Climate change can be a natural shift, but since the 1800 humans have been the main cause. Using and burning gas, oil and coal releases a lot of [[Greenhouse gas emission\| Greenhouse gas]]. Greenhouse gas emission traps the heat of the sun in the atmosphere, raising the temperature on earth. Carbon dioxide and methane are the main gasses that have an influence on climate change. Climate change refers to changes in weather patterns and growing seasons around the world. It also refers to sea level rise caused by the expansion of warmer seas and melting ice sheets and glaciers.

	=Global warming=		=Global warming=

Dian: /* What is climate change? */

2023-02-14T13:42:43Z

What is climate change?

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 14 February 2023
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	= What is climate change? =		= What is climate change? =
	Climate change refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including temperature, precipitation and wind patterns. Climate change can be a natural shift, but since the 1800 humans have been the mane cause. Using and burning gas, oil and coal releases a lot of [[~~Emissions~~\|~~greenhouse~~ gas]]. Greenhouse gas emission traps the heat of the sun in the atmosphere, raising the temperature on earth. Carbon dioxide and methane are the main gasses that have an influence on the climate change. Climate change refers to changes in weather patterns and growing seasons around the world. It also refers to sea level rise caused by the expansion of warmer seas and melting ice sheets and glaciers.		Climate change refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including temperature, precipitation and wind patterns. Climate change can be a natural shift, but since the 1800 humans have been the mane cause. Using and burning gas, oil and coal releases a lot of [[Greenhouse gas emission\| Greenhouse gas]]. Greenhouse gas emission traps the heat of the sun in the atmosphere, raising the temperature on earth. Carbon dioxide and methane are the main gasses that have an influence on the climate change. Climate change refers to changes in weather patterns and growing seasons around the world. It also refers to sea level rise caused by the expansion of warmer seas and melting ice sheets and glaciers.

	=Global warming=		=Global warming=

Dian: /* Sources */

2023-02-09T15:28:09Z

Sources

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 9 February 2023
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	* [https://oceanfdn.org/ocean-and-climate-change/ The Ocean Foundation about ocean and climate change]		* [https://oceanfdn.org/ocean-and-climate-change/ The Ocean Foundation about ocean and climate change]
	* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/SeaIce earth observatory about sea ice]		* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/SeaIce earth observatory about sea ice]
			* [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaliene_circulatie Wikipedia thermohaline circulatie]
			* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation Wikipedia AMOC]
			* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/05/climate-crisis-scientists-spot-warning-signs-of-gulf-stream-collapse The Guardian Golf stream collapse]
			* [https://gizmodo.com/amoc-atlantic-current-collapse-1849028108 Gizmodo collapse Atlantic current]
			* [https://theconversation.com/climate-change-will-clearly-disrupt-el-nino-and-la-nina-this-decade-40-years-earlier-than-we-thought-194529 The conversation about climate change and El Nino and La Nina]
			* [https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/mercury-in-fish Better Health about mercury in fish]

Dian: /* What is the effect of climate change on ENSO? */

2023-02-08T11:28:03Z

What is the effect of climate change on ENSO?

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:28, 8 February 2023
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	== What is the effect of climate change on ENSO?==		== What is the effect of climate change on ENSO?==
	ENSO stands for El Nino Southern Oscillation and it is a cycle of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) episodes that happen every few years in the pacific ocean. It is considered that El Nino and La Nina are the ocean effects of the atmospheric changes of southern oscillation. Though the process is local, ENSO has a global impact on the climate as well as the global economy Climate change disrupts weather patterns and the disruption of weather patterns will also affect El Nino and La Nina. La Nina and El Nino are also good examples of the impact of changes in wind patterns.		ENSO stands for El Nino Southern Oscillation and it is a cycle of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) episodes that happen every few years in the pacific ocean. It is considered that El Nino and La Nina are the ocean effects of the atmospheric changes of southern oscillation. Though the process is local, ENSO has a global impact on the climate as well as the global economy Climate change disrupts weather patterns and the disruption of weather patterns will also affect El Nino and La Nina. Because of climate change El Nina and La Nina, events may increase in frequency and intensity. ENSO also impacts tropical cyclones and tropical pacific ocean storm activity and because of climate change, these will increase in frequency and intensity as well. La Nina and El Nino themselves are also good examples of the massive impact of changes in wind patterns.

	=== Normal process of the ocean in the tropical pacific ocean ===		=== Normal process of the ocean in the tropical pacific ocean ===
	Strong trade winds blow westward across the tropical pacific ocean and push the warm surface water towards Australia and Asia. The sea surface is because of the trade winds half a meter higher and an average of 7 degrees celsius higher in the western tropical pacific ocean compared to the equator. Due to the trade winds blowing the warm surface water towards Australia and Asia, the cold water will warm up and rise to the surface at the west coast of South America. This process is called upwelling. Upwelling elevates cold, nutrient-rich water to the upper layer of the ocean. Nutrients like nitrates and phosphates are used by tiny organisms such as phytoplankton for photosynthesis, other organisms like clams eat the phytoplankton and other predators like fish or marine mammals eat the clams. The wind patterns are thus very important for the ecosystems. For many countries on the western side of South America have fishing as their primary industry Like ~~peru~~, Ecuador and Chile Because of the upwelling cold water the western side of South America is relatively dry and the warm surface water that gets pushed towards Australia and Asia contributes to more rainfall.		Strong trade winds blow westward across the tropical pacific ocean and push the warm surface water towards Australia and Asia. The sea surface is because of the trade winds half a meter higher and an average of 7 degrees celsius higher in the western tropical pacific ocean compared to the equator. Due to the trade winds blowing the warm surface water towards Australia and Asia, the cold water will warm up and rise to the surface on the west coast of South America. This process is called upwelling. Upwelling elevates cold, nutrient-rich water to the upper layer of the ocean. Nutrients like nitrates and phosphates are used by tiny organisms such as phytoplankton for photosynthesis, other organisms like clams eat the phytoplankton and other predators like fish or marine mammals eat the clams. The wind patterns are thus very important for the ecosystems. For many countries on the western side of South America have fishing as their primary industry Like Peru, Ecuador and Chile Because of the upwelling cold water the western side of South America is relatively dry and the warm surface water that gets pushed towards Australia and Asia contributes to more rainfall.

	====What is El Nino and what is La Nina?====		====What is El Nino and what is La Nina?====

Dian: /* What is the effect of climate change on ENSO? */

2023-02-08T11:23:30Z

What is the effect of climate change on ENSO?

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 8 February 2023
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	== What is the effect of climate change on ENSO?==		== What is the effect of climate change on ENSO?==
	ENSO stands for El Nino Southern Oscillation and it is a cycle of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) episodes that happen every few years in the pacific ocean. Though the process is local, ENSO has a global impact on the climate as well as the global economy Climate change disrupts weather patterns and the disruption of weather patterns will also ~~have an effect on~~ El Nino and La Nina.		ENSO stands for El Nino Southern Oscillation and it is a cycle of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) episodes that happen every few years in the pacific ocean. It is considered that El Nino and La Nina are the ocean effects of the atmospheric changes of southern oscillation. Though the process is local, ENSO has a global impact on the climate as well as the global economy Climate change disrupts weather patterns and the disruption of weather patterns will also affect El Nino and La Nina. La Nina and El Nino are also good examples of the impact of changes in wind patterns.

			=== Normal process of the ocean in the tropical pacific ocean ===
			Strong trade winds blow westward across the tropical pacific ocean and push the warm surface water towards Australia and Asia. The sea surface is because of the trade winds half a meter higher and an average of 7 degrees celsius higher in the western tropical pacific ocean compared to the equator. Due to the trade winds blowing the warm surface water towards Australia and Asia, the cold water will warm up and rise to the surface at the west coast of South America. This process is called upwelling. Upwelling elevates cold, nutrient-rich water to the upper layer of the ocean. Nutrients like nitrates and phosphates are used by tiny organisms such as phytoplankton for photosynthesis, other organisms like clams eat the phytoplankton and other predators like fish or marine mammals eat the clams. The wind patterns are thus very important for the ecosystems. For many countries on the western side of South America have fishing as their primary industry Like peru, Ecuador and Chile Because of the upwelling cold water the western side of South America is relatively dry and the warm surface water that gets pushed towards Australia and Asia contributes to more rainfall.

	====What is El Nino and what is La Nina?====		====What is El Nino and what is La Nina?====
	* '''El Nino'''		* '''El Nino'''
	El Nino is a process that happens ~~about every~~ seven years. ~~Though~~ the process is ~~local it~~ has an global effect ~~however~~ the ~~closer~~ to the ~~pacific ocean~~ the ~~stronger~~ the ~~effects~~. ~~El nino happens when~~		El Nino is a process that happens irregularly at two to seven years intervals and it is not predictable or has a regular cycle like for instance ocean tides. Spanish called it Christ child because most of the time El Nino occurred around Christmas. Scientists discovered that El Nino occurs at the same time as the southern oscillation. El Nino events are defined by their wide range of teleconnections. Teleconnections are large-scale, long-lasting climate patterns that are related to each other and can have a global effect. When an El Nino effect happens the westward-blowing wind trade weakens along the equator. These changes in air pressure and wind speed cause warm surface water to move eastward and push the warm water to the coastline of South America. The upwelling process now happens on the side of Australia and Asia which results in extreme droughts in Asia and Australia and extreme rainfall in South America. Fish populations in de eastern part of the Tropical Pacific ocean. die or migrate due to the warm waters and lack of nutrients. EL Nino has had a devastating effect on the economy of South America and especially the countries where fishing is their primary industry. The warm water pushed coastal flooding and erosion. Flooding also limits transportation and destroys crops. This has a big impact on the global economy. In Asia and Australia, there are extreme droughts. The droughts threaten regions' water supply as reservoirs dry and rivers carry less water than usual. Agriculture that depends on water irrigation is threatened. STong el Nino events also have an impact on global atmospheric circulation. Global atmospheric circulation helps to distribute thermal energy. The eastward movement of atmospheric and oceanic heat causes unusually severe winters at higher altitudes in north and south America. Regions further north may experience longer and colder winters than usual.


			* '''La Nina'''
			La Nina is a reinforcing effect of what normally happens in the pacific ocean. The wind tide is even stronger than normal so there will be more warm water pushed to the coast of Australia and Asia and there is more upwelling cold water on the west coast of South America. The water temperature at the west coastline of South America is even lower and colder than normal resulting in extreme droughts in south America and extreme rainfall in Australia and Asia.

	==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==		==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==

Dian: /* Global water cycle and its impact on climate change */

2023-02-07T16:11:55Z

Global water cycle and its impact on climate change

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:11, 7 February 2023
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	=== What would happen in the short term if the AMOC stops===		=== What would happen in the short term if the AMOC stops===
	What would really happen if the AMOC stops is not certain. Scientists are doing research but do not all agree on the possible and estimated consequences if there would be a stop in the thermohaline circulation. However, research has shown that without the thermohaline circulation, the North part of the northern hemisphere will cool down about 15 degrees in just a few decades. Patches of the Northern hemisphere would become drier however pather of the South hemisphere would become wetter. The atmospheric pressure would shift much higher above Europeasia. Trade winds from north to south will go further up south and get stronger. Wind from all over the world would intensify. Therefore the antarctic ice would even melt faster.		What would really happen if the AMOC stops is not certain. Scientists are doing research but do not all agree on the possible and estimated consequences if there would be a stop in the thermohaline circulation. However, research has shown that without the thermohaline circulation, the North part of the northern hemisphere will cool down about 15 degrees in just a few decades. Patches of the Northern hemisphere would become drier however pather of the South hemisphere would become wetter. The atmospheric pressure would shift much higher above Europeasia. Trade winds from north to south will go further up south and get stronger. Wind from all over the world would intensify. Therefore the antarctic ice would even melt faster.


			== What is the effect of climate change on ENSO?==
			ENSO stands for El Nino Southern Oscillation and it is a cycle of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) episodes that happen every few years in the pacific ocean. Though the process is local, ENSO has a global impact on the climate as well as the global economy Climate change disrupts weather patterns and the disruption of weather patterns will also have an effect on El Nino and La Nina.

			====What is El Nino and what is La Nina?====
			* '''El Nino'''
			El Nino is a process that happens about every seven years. Though the process is local it has an global effect however the closer to the pacific ocean the stronger the effects. El nino happens when

	==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==		==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==

Dian: /* Global water cycle and its impact on climate change */

2023-02-07T13:26:59Z

Global water cycle and its impact on climate change

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:26, 7 February 2023
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	== Global water cycle and its impact on climate change==		== Global water cycle and its impact on climate change==
			The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation also called AMOC, is an important part of the thermohaline circulation that plays an important role in regulating temperature on earth and for ecosystems. Because of climate change, the AMOC is slowing down resulting in not only local but also global impact.

			=== What is Thermoline circulation? ===
			Thermohaline circulation is a worldwide system of ocean currents. Thermohaline circulation consists of AMOC as well as the Gulfstream. The process depends on the amount of heat and the amount of salt in the water. When the water goes from the equator further up north or south. The water will evaporate because of the heat and the salt will be left behind in de rest of the seawater. Because the water is going further away from the equator the water will cool down. Saltwater is heavier than fresh water and cold water is also heavier than warm water. Therefore the salty and cold water will sink down to the bottom and travel all the way back to the equator where it will warm up very slowly and reach the surface. Then the whole proof of warming up and cooling down and sinking will happen again. This process can take more than a thousand years.

			Thermohaline circulation is very important because it gives many countries a much milder climate than the countries would have had if there was no thermohaline circulation. For example, Europe is less cold because the air above the water gets warmer in the winter and therefore the wind and temperature are less cold in the winter and for example, the cooler water streams in the summer that flows back to the equator cool the countries that are close to the equator resulting in a less hot climate that it would be if there was no thermohaline circulation.

			=== Global warming effect on the Thermaholine circulation ===
			Because of global warming, a lot of sea and land ice is melting resulting in a relatively less salty sea. Because the sea is less salty the AMOC will slow down resulting in a global climate change. At the moment the AMOC is a lot slower than it used to be and the AMOC is also more unstable. This can result in a complete stop of the thermohaline circulation. When there is no thermohaline circulation Europa will become as cold as Canada on the same latitude and countries close and on the equator will become warmer. There also will become a change in wind direction because the high and low-pressure areas will be in different places because the warm water will not travel as far away from the equator. Normally a slowdown in ocean streams will result eventually in an ice age as it did in previous times while planet earth existed. It is also called negative feedback because warming the earth would result in melting sea ice which would result in a slowdown or stop of the thermohaline circulation and which would then eventually after a long period result in a cooling down of the temperature and resulting in an ice age. However, it looks simpler than it is and trying to turn the AMOC back around so we do not end up in an ice age takes thousands of years. The previous ice age period lasted for about 100.000 years.

			However, the cooling down process that is essential is what we need to concur global warming and climate change is not as simple as it seems.

			=== What would happen in the short term if the AMOC stops===
			What would really happen if the AMOC stops is not certain. Scientists are doing research but do not all agree on the possible and estimated consequences if there would be a stop in the thermohaline circulation. However, research has shown that without the thermohaline circulation, the North part of the northern hemisphere will cool down about 15 degrees in just a few decades. Patches of the Northern hemisphere would become drier however pather of the South hemisphere would become wetter. The atmospheric pressure would shift much higher above Europeasia. Trade winds from north to south will go further up south and get stronger. Wind from all over the world would intensify. Therefore the antarctic ice would even melt faster.

	==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==		==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==

Dian: /* Coral reefs */

2023-02-06T10:46:25Z

Coral reefs

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 6 February 2023
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	==== Coral reefs====		==== Coral reefs====
	The coral reef is a very important part of the oceans ecosystems. Because of the rising temperatures of the ocean, the coral reef dies off slowly because of coral bleaching, coral diseases and mortality events due to the rising temperature. Research links high level of coral mortality with thermally stressed coral colonies. Global temperatures are rising and killing corals and decreasing populations connectivity. Coral connectivity is how individual coral and their genes are exchanged among geographically separated subpopulation, which can greatly affect the ability to recover from the climate change. The ability to recover is highly dependent on the connectivity of the reef. Declining of corals is due to climate change and the coral not getting enough time to recover between [[Bleaching events]]. Some coral species play a special role as reef builders, they are essential. Changes into the distribution of these essential reef builders due to climate change have big impact on the overall coral reef and the ecosystems. Because of the threat to coral reefs, some areas are protected: Marine protected areas. The main stressor of the coral reef is the rising water temperature, and reversing climate change is the only way to solve. Climate change boost the energy of cyclones and thus the disruption of the coral reef. The frequency will not necessarily increase, however the intensity will, and the post-cyclone recovery will be slower due to the destruction of the biodiversity by the cyclone and climate change. Restoring reefs to their past configuration is not an option any more. However, we need to do our best to keep the coral reef and stop further degradation. Unless rapid advances are made by 2040-2050, most warm water coral reefs are eliminated and communities that depend on coral reefs to survive are likely to face poverty, social disruption and regional insecurity. Coral reef does have the ability to adapt to the warming weather, but not as rapid as the climate is changing right now. The coral reef supports huge marine life systems as well as providing critical ecosystems service. Living without it is not an option and is going to be catastrophic for the biodiversity of this planet.		The coral reef is a very important part of the oceans ecosystems. Because of the rising temperatures of the ocean, the coral reef dies off slowly because of coral bleaching, coral diseases and mortality events due to the rising temperature. Research links high level of coral mortality with thermally stressed coral colonies. Global temperatures are rising and killing corals and decreasing populations connectivity. Coral connectivity is how individual coral and their genes are exchanged among geographically separated subpopulation, which can greatly affect the ability to recover from the climate change. The ability to recover is highly dependent on the connectivity of the reef. Declining of corals is due to climate change and the coral not getting enough time to recover between [[Coral Bleaching \| Bleaching events]]. Some coral species play a special role as reef builders, they are essential. Changes into the distribution of these essential reef builders due to climate change have big impact on the overall coral reef and the ecosystems. Because of the threat to coral reefs, some areas are protected: Marine protected areas. The main stressor of the coral reef is the rising water temperature, and reversing climate change is the only way to solve. Climate change boost the energy of cyclones and thus the disruption of the coral reef. The frequency will not necessarily increase, however the intensity will, and the post-cyclone recovery will be slower due to the destruction of the biodiversity by the cyclone and climate change. Restoring reefs to their past configuration is not an option any more. However, we need to do our best to keep the coral reef and stop further degradation. Unless rapid advances are made by 2040-2050, most warm water coral reefs are eliminated and communities that depend on coral reefs to survive are likely to face poverty, social disruption and regional insecurity. Coral reef does have the ability to adapt to the warming weather, but not as rapid as the climate is changing right now. The coral reef supports huge marine life systems as well as providing critical ecosystems service. Living without it is not an option and is going to be catastrophic for the biodiversity of this planet.

	==== Arctic and Antarctic ====		==== Arctic and Antarctic ====

Dian: /* Global water cycle */

2022-12-14T13:29:50Z

Global water cycle

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:29, 14 December 2022
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	==Glacial and interglacials==		==Glacial and interglacials==

	== Global water cycle ==		== Global water cycle and its impact on climate change==

	==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==		==Climate change impact on animal welfare and wellbeing ==

Hans.de.Gier: /* Climate change impact on human welfare and wellbeing */

2022-11-18T14:52:12Z

Climate change impact on human welfare and wellbeing

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 18 November 2022
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	== Climate change impact on human welfare and wellbeing ==		== Climate change impact on human welfare and wellbeing ==
	* Ocean acidification: Ocean acidification has also an impact on human life beside the impact on marine life. It has a big impact on the food security and especially of Molluscs because they are more vulnerable to acidification. This could have a big impact on the economy as well. Also, the coast will get less protected because the marine life that is effected by the acidification also protect the coastal line. This protective function of reefs prevents loss of life, property damage, and erosion. Without this protection, it will cost us a lot more money, which is bad for the economy. Especially long term. It will also have a big impact on tourism that gets attracted by marine life and without the tourist the economy will suffer. There is a limit on how much carbon dioxide the ocean can absorb and the more acidic it becomes the less carbon dioxide the ocean can absorb.		* Ocean acidification: Ocean acidification has also an impact on human life beside the impact on marine life. It has a big impact on the food security and especially of Molluscs because they are more vulnerable to acidification. This could have a big impact on the economy as well. Also, the coast will get less protected because the marine life that is effected by the acidification also protect the coastal line. This protective function of reefs prevents loss of life, property damage, and erosion. Without this protection, it will cost us a lot more money, which is bad for the economy. Especially long term. It will also have a big impact on tourism that gets attracted by marine life and without the tourist the economy will suffer. There is a limit on how much carbon dioxide the ocean can absorb and the more acidic it becomes the less carbon dioxide the ocean can absorb.

	* Extreme weather: The effects of more extreme weather and (tropical) storms will be huge and will occur more frequently. There will be a lot of damage on property's and coastlines, and it will affect human life and the economy.		* Extreme weather: The effects of more extreme weather and (tropical) storms will be huge and will occur more frequently. There will be a lot of damage on property's and coastlines, and it will affect human life and the economy.

	* The rising sea level: The sea level is rising and flooding will occur more frequently which means a lot of people losing their homes or having a lot of damage on their property and coastline		* The rising sea level: The sea level is rising and flooding will occur more frequently which means a lot of people losing their homes or having a lot of damage on their property and coastline

	* Vital fish species such as salmon are migrating to new territories, necessitating better international cooperation to prevent a conflict for when species migrate across the border of countries where the economy depends on fishing. It can have serious conflicts as consequence in different perspectives for human wellbeing: law, policy, economics, oceanography, and ecology.		* Vital fish species such as salmon are migrating to new territories, necessitating better international cooperation to prevent a conflict for when species migrate across the border of countries where the economy depends on fishing. It can have serious conflicts as consequence in different perspectives for human wellbeing: law, policy, economics, oceanography, and ecology.

	* Fish have methyl mercury, which can lead to long term neurocognitive deficits in children that persist into adulthood. The methyl mercury has been increased due to increases in seawater temperatures.		* Fish have methyl mercury, which can lead to long term neurocognitive deficits in children that persist into adulthood. The methyl mercury has been increased due to increases in seawater temperatures.

	* Intenser cyclones		* Intenser cyclones
	* Coral reefs dies and communities that depend on coral reefs to survive are likely to face poverty, social disruption, and regional insecurity.		* Coral reefs dies and communities that depend on coral reefs to survive are likely to face poverty, social disruption, and regional insecurity.