Goodness Community - User contributions [en]

Greenhouse gas emission

2023-03-07T14:24:44Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Cause of greenhouse gas emission */

Greenhouse gas emissions is one of the three main threads to [[Environmental sustainability]]

==Cause of greenhouse gas emission==
* Burning fossil fuels
* Burning carbon
* Agricultural activities
* Industrial processes
* [[Energy]] transportation and generation
* Waste

==Effects of greenhouse gas emission==
* [[Global Warming]]
* [[Climate change|Disruptive climate change]]

==Emissions==
Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 9 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

[[Air_pollution|Air pollutants]] like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse Gas Emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Scope 1'''|| '''Scope 2''' || '''Scope 3'''
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carbon Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Greenhouse gas emission

2023-03-07T14:24:03Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Effects of greenhouse gas emission */

Greenhouse gas emissions is one of the three main threads to [[Environmental sustainability]]

==Cause of greenhouse gas emission==
* Burning fossil fuels
* Burning carbon
* Agriculture
* Industrial processes
* [[Energy]] transportation and generation
* waste

==Effects of greenhouse gas emission==
* [[Global Warming]]
* [[Climate change|Disruptive climate change]]

==Emissions==
Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 9 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

[[Air_pollution|Air pollutants]] like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse Gas Emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Scope 1'''|| '''Scope 2''' || '''Scope 3'''
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carbon Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Main Page

2023-03-07T14:00:14Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Good for the Planet & Wellbeing of all life on Earth */

===Good for the Planet & for the Wellbeing of all life on Earth ===
We are facing huge challenges related to the wellbeing of us as humans, or life on earth in general and the condition of the whole planet. We have come to the point that, according to some, the survival of the Human species is at stake.

So things have to change, we need to stop the destructive way we are living and operating our businesses today. We have to move towards true [[circularity]]. Meaning that all stakeholders need to start making the right or the better choice. But what is the better choice? And is there something like the "universal" best choice? Plus in every point of choice you should be able to compare the options to make the decision what to buy or to consume.

That choice highly depends on reliable, relevant and accurate data available to all stakeholders, across the entire value network. This requires a common communication language, which is missing today. Resulting in the fact that doing good, or claiming to do better is often just marketing. Plus it is hard to compare claims and certifications. Is "Planet proof" better, the same, or different then "FairTrade" or "Organic"?

Our goal is to define a set of acceptable interchangeable indicators which can be used at every point of choice. From defining the Goodness strategy by the board, to extending the business case (financial driven) to the Goodness case (Why is this project good for the business, wellbeing and the planet?) and providing trustworthy data to customers/consumers to help them make the better choice.

This website was created to have a starting point for identifying and defining all dimensions related to sustainability. We divided sustainability into 3 types of sustainability: Environmental sustainability, social sustainability and economic sustainability. Of each type of sustainability is explained what the threads are and the cause and effect of these threads.
* [[Environmental sustainability]]
* [[Social sustainability]]
* [[Economic sustainability]]

== Industry themes and initiatives ==
* [[Agriculture]], animal & crop farming
* [[Fashion]], apparel & sportswear
* Cosmetics

== Goodness related IT & Data solutions ==
* [https://imde.io Interoperable Modular Data Exchange framework - IMDE]
* [[Measuring Goodness]]

== Uncategorized ==
Placeholder for all topics that are not yet processed: [[Uncategorized]]

Main Page

2023-03-07T13:50:58Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Good for the Planet & Wellbeing of all live on Earth */

===Good for the Planet & Wellbeing of all life on Earth ===
We are facing huge challenges related to the wellbeing of us as humans, or life on earth in general and the condition of the whole planet. We have come to the point that, according to some, the survival of the Human species is at stake.

So things have to change, we need to stop the destructive way we are living and operating our businesses today. We have to move towards true [[circularity]]. Meaning that all stakeholders need to start making the right or the better choice. But what is the better choice? And is there something like the "universal" best choice? Plus in every point of choice you should be able to compare the options to make the decision what to buy or to consume.

That choice highly depends on reliable, relevant and accurate data available to all stakeholders, across the entire value network. This requires a common communication language, which is missing today. Resulting in the fact that doing good, or claiming to do better is often just marketing. Plus it is hard to compare claims and certifications. Is "Planet proof" better, the same, or different then "FairTrade" or "Organic"?

Our goal is to define a set of acceptable interchangeable indicators which can be used at every point of choice. From defining the Goodness strategy by the board, to extending the business case (financial driven) to the Goodness case (Why is this project good for the business, wellbeing and the planet?) and providing trustworthy data to customers/consumers to help them make the better choice.

This website was created to have a starting point for identifying and defining all dimensions related to sustainability. We divided sustainability into 3 types of sustainability: Environmental sustainability, social sustainability and economic sustainability. Of each type of sustainability is explained what the threads are and the cause and effect of these threads.
* [[Environmental sustainability]]
* [[Social sustainability]]
* [[Economic sustainability]]

== Industry themes and initiatives ==
* [[Agriculture]], animal & crop farming
* [[Fashion]], apparel & sportswear
* Cosmetics

== Goodness related IT & Data solutions ==
* [https://imde.io Interoperable Modular Data Exchange framework - IMDE]
* [[Measuring Goodness]]

== Uncategorized ==
Placeholder for all topics that are not yet processed: [[Uncategorized]]

Main Page

2023-03-07T13:50:38Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Good for the Planet */

===Good for the Planet & Wellbeing of all live on Earth ===
We are facing huge challenges related to the wellbeing of us as humans, or life on earth in general and the condition of the whole planet. We have come to the point that, according to some, the survival of the Human species is at stake.

So things have to change, we need to stop the destructive way we are living and operating our businesses today. We have to move towards true [[circularity]]. Meaning that all stakeholders need to start making the right or the better choice. But what is the better choice? And is there something like the "universal" best choice? Plus in every point of choice you should be able to compare the options to make the decision what to buy or to consume.

That choice highly depends on reliable, relevant and accurate data available to all stakeholders, across the entire value network. This requires a common communication language, which is missing today. Resulting in the fact that doing good, or claiming to do better is often just marketing. Plus it is hard to compare claims and certifications. Is "Planet proof" better, the same, or different then "FairTrade" or "Organic"?

Our goal is to define a set of acceptable interchangeable indicators which can be used at every point of choice. From defining the Goodness strategy by the board, to extending the business case (financial driven) to the Goodness case (Why is this project good for the business, wellbeing and the planet?) and providing trustworthy data to customers/consumers to help them make the better choice.

This website was created to have a starting point for identifying and defining all dimensions related to sustainability. We divided sustainability into 3 types of sustainability: Environmental sustainability, social sustainability and economic sustainability. Of each type of sustainability is explained what the threads are and the cause and effect of these threads.
* [[Environmental sustainability]]
* [[Social sustainability]]
* [[Economic sustainability]]

== Industry themes and initiatives ==
* [[Agriculture]], animal & crop farming
* [[Fashion]], apparel & sportswear
* Cosmetics

== Goodness related IT & Data solutions ==
* [https://imde.io Interoperable Modular Data Exchange framework - IMDE]
* [[Measuring Goodness]]

== Uncategorized ==
Placeholder for all topics that are not yet processed: [[Uncategorized]]

Single use plastics

2023-02-27T13:58:15Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* What are single use plastics? */

==What are single use plastics (SUP)?==
Single-use plastic products (SUPs) are used once, or for a short period of time (what is a short period of time?), before being thrown away. The impacts of this plastic waste on the environment and our health are global and can be drastic. Single-use plastic products are more likely to end up in our seas than reusable options. 70% of the total pollution in the sea consists of single used plastics.

Single used plastics versus normal plastics:

==What are the six single use plastics==
* Disposables
** Beverage stir sticks
** Disposable cups, plates and bowls
** Plastic checkout bags
** Plastic cutlery
** Straws
* Packaging
** Foodservice packaging and service ware made from “problematic plastics”
** Gift wrapping such as ribbon and sticky tape
** Six-pack ring carriers

==Single use consumer packaging==
Single use consumer packaging is any single use product designed to be used by a consumer or domestic user in performing one or more of the following functions in respect of goods or waste:
*Containment
*Protection
*Handling
*Presentation
*Delivery

These products would be used by the consumer rather than in the supply chain.

[[Category:Pollution]]
[[Category:Plastics]]

Good for the Planet

2023-02-08T11:12:15Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Environmental sustainability */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to loss of [[Biodiversity]] (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* [[Climate change|Climate crisis]], accelerated climate change caused by human activities resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* Sharing
* Leasing
* Reusing
* Repairing
* Refurbishing
* Recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In practice using the circulair economy implies reducing waste. When a product is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefore the life cycle of a product is circular. Instead of cheap materials and product that are easily thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becoming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*Goodness measurement frameworks like [[ESG]] and [[LCA]]
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Pollution

2023-01-27T09:17:22Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* What is pollution? */

== What is pollution? ==
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment, resulting in the loss of [[Biodiversity]] (loss of habitat), and having negative impact on health and living conditions. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as [[Litter-pollution|litter/trash]] or runoff produced by factories.

== What are the 4 types of pollution? ==
The major kinds of pollution, usually classified by environment, are:
* [[Air pollution]]
* [[Water pollution]]
* [[Land pollution|Land pollution]]

Modern society is also concerned about specific types of pollutants, such as noise pollution, radiation, light pollution, and [[plastics|plastic]] pollution.

== What is a pollutant? ==
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally forming (i.e. minerals or extracted compounds like oil) or anthropogenic in origin (i.e. manufactured materials or by-products from biodegradation).

Pollutants can be categorized in a variety of different ways. For example, it is sometimes useful to distinguish between stock pollutants and fund pollutants. Another way is to group them together according to more specific properties, such as organic, particulate, pharmaceutical, et cetera. The environment has some capacity to absorb many discharges without measurable harm, and this is called “assimilative capacity (or absorptive capacity); a pollutant actually causes pollution when the assimilative capacity is exceeded

==PBT's==
PBT's stand for Persistent, bioaccumulation and toxic substances. PBT's pollute or harm the environment. PBT's is a class with substances that have a high resistance to degradation, can accumulate in organisms throughout the food chain and have high toxicity to the environment, human and animal health. The aim is to minimize the amount of PBT's in the environment as much as possible. PBT is a unique classification of substances that certainly will impact the environment and animal and human health.

The three main attributes explained:

* Persistence

* Bioaccumulative

* Toxic

There are some international treaties around PBT's:
* The Stockholm Convention
* The POP protocol
* OSPAR Convention

==Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)==
POPs are a set of toxic chemicals that are persistent in the environment and able to last for several years before breaking down (UNEP/GPA 2006a). POPs circulate globally and chemicals released in one part of the world can be deposited at far distances from their original source through a repeated process of evaporation and deposition. This makes it very hard to trace the original source of the chemical (http://web.worldbank.org/). POPs are lipophilic, which means that they accumulate in the fatty tissue of living animals and human beings (http://www.unece.org/spot/s01.htm). In fatty tissue, the concentrations can become magnified by up to 70 000 times higher than the background levels (http://web.worldbank.org/). As you move up the food chain, concentrations of POPs tend to increase so that animals at the top of the food chain such as fish, predatory birds, mammals, and humans tend to have the greatest concentrations of these chemicals, and therefore are also at the highest risk from acute and chronic toxic effects.

“Dirty Dozen”. These is a group of 12 highly persistent and toxic chemicals which is called "the dirty dozen":
# Aldrin
# Chlordane
# DDT
# Dieldrin
# Endrin
# Heptachlor
# Hexachlorobenzen
# Mirex
# Polychlorinated biphenyls
# Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
# Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
# Toxaphen

Many of the [[Pesticides|pesticides]] in this group are no longer used for agricultural purposes but a few continue to be used in developing countries.

===What is the effect of POPs===
POPs are highly toxic and exposure can take place through diet, environmental exposure, or accidents. They negatively affect humans, plant and animal species and natural ecosystems both in close proximity and at significant distances away from the original source of discharge.

Exposure to POPs in humans can cause several negative health effects including:
*Death
*Cancers
*Allergies
*Hypersensitivity
*Developmental changes
*Damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems
*Disruption of the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems
*Diabetes, A study published in 2006 suggests that an increased level of POP.s in human blood serum can be linked to Diabetes (Lee et al 2006).

[[category:pollution]]

Energy

2023-01-26T16:25:01Z

Hans.de.Gier:

Energy to
* Harvest & Mine
* Make/Produce/Manufacture (e.g. Brewing beer)
* Transport & Store (e.g. Frozen Food Logistics)
* Run (e.g. Watch TV, heat your home, drive your car)
* Recyling / waste management

Energy source used for these activities can be split into:
* Non-renewable energy
** [[Nuclear energy]]
** [[Fossilfuels]]
*** Coal
*** Gas
*** Oil
* [[re-newable]] (e.g. Wind, Solar, Water)
* [[Clean energy]]
* [[Green energy]]

==Energie to run==
===EU Energie labels: EPREL===
Consumers can find detailed information about energy labelled products and models in EPREL. It offers the possibility to identify which products have the best cost-efficiency ratio for a specific need. Information on other aspects than a product’s energy use, such as its possible water consumption, noise emission, extension of the warranty, availability of spare parts, duration or product support, is also provided.

The energy labelling legislation covers over 30 different products, which are grouped as follows:
*Air conditioners
*Cooking appliances (domestic)
*Dishwashers (household)
*Heaters (space and water heaters)
*Light bulbs and lamps
*Local space heaters
*Fridges and freezers (household)
*Refrigeration (professional)
*Refrigeration with a direct sales function
*Solid fuel boilers
*Electronic displays (TV, monitors, signage)
*Tumble driers
*Ventilation units (residential)
*Washing machines (household)
*Tyres

The EPREL database generates all energy labels based on the data that suppliers entered when registering their product models. Every product is available from a model description page in EPREL, where labels and product information sheets can be viewed and downloaded. These labels are also available in high resolution and vectorial format for use by professionals. Access to the models description page is possible in these ways

[[File:Lightsources 2labels together.jpg]]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Single use plastics

2023-01-26T16:21:42Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Single use consumer packaging */

==What are single use plastics?==
Single-use plastic products (SUPs) are used once, or for a short period of time (what is a short period of time?), before being thrown away. The impacts of this plastic waste on the environment and our health are global and can be drastic. Single-use plastic products are more likely to end up in our seas than reusable options. 70% of the total pollution in the sea consists of single used plastics.

Single used plastics versus normal plastics:

==What are the six single use plastics==
* Disposables
** Beverage stir sticks
** Disposable cups, plates and bowls
** Plastic checkout bags
** Plastic cutlery
** Straws
* Packaging
** Foodservice packaging and service ware made from “problematic plastics”
** Gift wrapping such as ribbon and sticky tape
** Six-pack ring carriers

==Single use consumer packaging==
Single use consumer packaging is any single use product designed to be used by a consumer or domestic user in performing one or more of the following functions in respect of goods or waste:
*Containment
*Protection
*Handling
*Presentation
*Delivery

These products would be used by the consumer rather than in the supply chain.

[[Category:Pollution]]
[[Category:Plastics]]

Single use plastics

2023-01-26T16:20:38Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* What are the six single use plastics */

==What are single use plastics?==
Single-use plastic products (SUPs) are used once, or for a short period of time (what is a short period of time?), before being thrown away. The impacts of this plastic waste on the environment and our health are global and can be drastic. Single-use plastic products are more likely to end up in our seas than reusable options. 70% of the total pollution in the sea consists of single used plastics.

Single used plastics versus normal plastics:

==What are the six single use plastics==
* Disposables
** Beverage stir sticks
** Disposable cups, plates and bowls
** Plastic checkout bags
** Plastic cutlery
** Straws
* Packaging
** Foodservice packaging and service ware made from “problematic plastics”
** Gift wrapping such as ribbon and sticky tape
** Six-pack ring carriers

==Single use consumer packaging==
Single use consumer packaging is any single use product designed to be used by a consumer or domestic user in performing one or more of the following functions in respect of goods or waste:
*containment
*protection
*handling
*presentation
*delivery

These products would be used by the consumer rather than in the supply chain.

[[Category:Pollution]]
[[Category:Plastics]]

Good for the Planet

2023-01-26T16:16:53Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* In practice */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to loss of [[Biodiversity]] (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* Accelerated [[Climate change]], resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* Sharing
* Leasing
* Reusing
* Repairing
* Refurbishing
* Recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In practice using the circulair economy implies reducing waste. When a product is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefore the life cycle of a product is circular. Instead of cheap materials and product that are easily thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becoming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*Goodness measurement frameworks like [[ESG]] and [[LCA]]
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Good for the Planet

2023-01-26T16:16:19Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* In practice */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to loss of [[Biodiversity]] (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* Accelerated [[Climate change]], resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* Sharing
* Leasing
* Reusing
* Repairing
* Refurbishing
* Recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In practice using the circulair economy impies reducing waste. When a prodyct is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefor the life cycle of a product us circulair. Instead of cheap materials and product that easily get thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becomming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*Goodness measurement frameworks like [[ESG]] and [[LCA]]
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Good for the Planet

2023-01-26T16:16:09Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* What is the circular economy? */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to loss of [[Biodiversity]] (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* Accelerated [[Climate change]], resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* Sharing
* Leasing
* Reusing
* Repairing
* Refurbishing
* Recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In pratcice using the circulair economy impies reducing waste. When a prodyct is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefor the life cycle of a product us circulair. Instead of cheap materials and product that easily get thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becomming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*Goodness measurement frameworks like [[ESG]] and [[LCA]]
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Good for the Planet

2023-01-26T16:14:35Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* In theorie */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to loss of [[Biodiversity]] (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* Accelerated [[Climate change]], resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* Sharing
* Leasing
* Reusing
* Repairing
* Reffurbishing
* Recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In pratcice using the circulair economy impies reducing waste. When a prodyct is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefor the life cycle of a product us circulair. Instead of cheap materials and product that easily get thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becomming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*Goodness measurement frameworks like [[ESG]] and [[LCA]]
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Circularity

2023-01-26T09:56:46Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Recycling Codes */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:

'''Plastics'''

*1. PET
*2. HDPE
*3. PVC
*4. LDPE
*5. Polypropylene
*6. Polystyrene
*7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

'''Batteries''''
*8. Lead
*9. Alkaline
*10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
*11. Nickel metal hydride
*12. Lithium batteries
*13. Silver oxide batteries
*14. Zink-carbon batteries'

'''Paper'''
*20. Corrugated fiberboard
*21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
*22. Paper

'''Metals'''
*40. Steel
*41. Aluminium

'''Biomatter/Organic Materials'''
*50. Wood
*51. Cork
*60. Cotton
*61. Jute

'''Glass'''
*70. Clear Glass
*71. Green Glass
*72. Brown Glass
*73. Dark Sort Glass
*74. Light Sort Glass
*75. Light Leaded Glass
*76. Leaded Glass
*77. Copper Mixed Glass
*78. Silver Mixed Glass
*79. Gold Mixed Glass

'''Composites'''
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==

What part has a recycled origin?
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)

What part can be recycled?
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)

What part is actually recycled? (can only be measured after the life cycle)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T09:54:53Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Recycling Codes */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

1. PET

2. HDPE

3. PVC

4. LDPE

5. Polypropylene

6. Polystyrene

7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
*8. Lead
*9. Alkaline
*10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
*11. Nickel metal hydride
*12. Lithium batteries
*13. Silver oxide batteries
*14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==

What part has a recycled origin?
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)

What part can be recycled?
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)

What part is actually recycled? (can only be measured after the life cycle)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:43:10Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Recycling Codes */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

1. PET

2. HDPE

3. PVC

4. LDPE

5. Polypropylene

6. Polystyrene

7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==

What part has a recycled origin?
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)

What part can be recycled?
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)

What part is actually recycled? (can only be measured after the life cycle)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:32:37Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Recycling Codes */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

1. PET

2. HDPE
3. PVC
4. LDPE
5. Polypropylene
6. Polystyrene
7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==

What part has a recycled origin?
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)

What part can be recycled?
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)

What part is actually recycled? (can only be measured after the life cycle)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:32:26Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Recycling Codes */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

1. PET
2. HDPE
3. PVC
4. LDPE
5. Polypropylene
6. Polystyrene
7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==

What part has a recycled origin?
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)

What part can be recycled?
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)

What part is actually recycled? (can only be measured after the life cycle)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:28:45Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Recycling Codes */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

# PET
# HDPE
# PVC
# LDPE
# Polypropylene
# Polystyrene
# All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==

What part has a recycled origin?
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)

What part can be recycled?
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)

What part is actually recycled? (can only be measured after the life cycle)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:11:29Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* DataPoints related to recycling/circularity */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

# 1. PET
# 2. HDPE
# 3. PVC
# 4. LDPE
# 5. Polypropylene
# 6. Polystyrene
# 7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==

What part has a recycled origin?
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)

What part can be recycled?
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)

What part is actually recycled? (can only be measured after the life cycle)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:09:22Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* DataPoints related to recycling/circularity */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

# 1. PET
# 2. HDPE
# 3. PVC
# 4. LDPE
# 5. Polypropylene
# 6. Polystyrene
# 7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclablePercentage (Unit: %)
* ReclycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:09:04Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* DataPoints related to recycling/circularity */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

# 1. PET
# 2. HDPE
# 3. PVC
# 4. LDPE
# 5. Polypropylene
# 6. Polystyrene
# 7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==
* RecycledContentWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledContentPercentage (Unit: %)
* RecyclableWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclebalePercentage (Unit: %)
* ReclycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycledWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledPercentage (Unit:%) (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Circularity

2023-01-26T08:07:35Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Types of circularity */

=Circularity=

'''What is the principle of circularity?'''
Circularity is the economic principle of sharing, repairing, refurbishing, recycling, remanufacturing and reusing as much as possible to minimize waste and the extraction & creation of virgin materials

* Part of any material that can be recycled (or re-used), the recyclability of a material

Related topics
* Reusable, upcycle, recyclable or compostable?

== Types of circularity==
* Reduce
* Reuse
* [[Recycle | Recycling]]
* Renew.

==Recycling==
===Recycled vs Virgin materials===
Recycled [[material|materials]] informs about the part of any material made from recycled materials.

===Recyclability===
Materials are recyclable if they can be collected, sorted, reprocessed, and ultimately reused in manufacturing or making another item. This is about the part of a [[material|material]] that can be recycled.

Even though many materials can be (partly) recycled in theory, many materials do not get recycled in practice. There are many different reasons why materials do not get recycled. Mostly it is because it is too difficult to recycle or it costs too much money or energy.

===Different types of recycling===
====Upcycling====
Reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of higher quality or value than the original. Upcycling basically provides things a second existence, it revives the object but with a higher user value than what it had in its previous life. Upcycled objects include everyday items such as furniture, ceramic materials, cans, clothing, and glassware

== Recycling Codes==
Many materials have a symbol which is called a recycling code. The recycling code is a number that indicates what material the product or part of the product is made from. The materials are sorted on how they should be recycled. Not all materials have a recycling code. For example, rubber does not have a recycling code. However, rubber can be recycled. The recycling codes makes the recycling process easier for recycling facilities. Also when a material does have a recyclingsymbol does not mean that the material can be recycled. Reycling number 1-6 are plastics that can be recycled. Number 7 is for al the other plastics and these plastics do not get recycled, they get burned.

These are all the recycling codes that are being used at the moment:
Plastics

# 1. PET
# 2. HDPE
# 3. PVC
# 4. LDPE
# 5. Polypropylene
# 6. Polystyrene
# 7. All other plastics, including bioplastics

Batteries
8. Lead
9. Alkaline
10. Nickel-Cadmium batteries
11. Nickel metal hydride
12. Lithium batteries
13. Silver oxide batteries
14. Zink-carbon batteries'

Paper
20. Corrugated fiberboard
21. Non-corrugated fiberboard
22. Paper

Metals
40. Steel
41. Aluminium

Biomatter/Organic Materials
50. Wood
51. Cork
60. Cotton
61. Jute

Glass
70. Clear Glass
71. Green Glass
72. Brown Glass
73. Dark Sort Glass
74. Light Sort Glass
75. Light Leaded Glass
76. Leaded Glass
77. Copper Mixed Glass
78. Silver Mixed Glass
79. Gold Mixed Glass

Composites
80. Paper and miscellaneous metals
81. Paper + plastic
82. Paper and fibreboard/Aluminium
83. Paper and fibreboard/Tinplate
84. Paper and cardboard/plastic/aluminium
85. Paper and fibreboard/Plastic/Aluminium/Tinplate
87. Biodegradable plastic Laminated
90. Plastics/Aluminium
91. Plastic/Tinplate
92. Plastic/Miscellaneous metals
95. Glass/Plastic
96. Glass/Aluminium
97. Glass/Tinplate
98. Glass/Miscellaneous metals

==DataPoints related to recycling/circularity==
* RecycledMaterialsUsedWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecycledMaterialsUsedPercentage (Unit: %)
* RecyclableMaterialsWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])
* RecyclebaleMaterialsPercentage (Unit: %)
* ReclycableDegratePercentage (Unit: %)
* RecycledMaterialsActualWeight (UnitDomain: [https://imde.io/index.php?title=Unit_Domain_Mass Mass])

===Related topics===
* Waste
**Landfill (waste dump)
**Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials
***Waste-to-energy?
* Re-use
** Re-wear (fastion/clothing)

===Documents & External links===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/132yEqVnALhPILFp9KY8uCGQResTM7I7k/view?usp=sharing Amcor on Recycling info on Packaging]
*[https://www.c2ccertified.org/ Cradle to Cradle]

[[Category:Circularity]]

Pollution

2023-01-26T08:07:00Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* What are the 4 types of pollution? */

== What is pollution? ==
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as [[Litter-pollution|litter/trash]] or runoff produced by factories.

== What are the 4 types of pollution? ==
The major kinds of pollution, usually classified by environment, are:
* [[Air pollution]]
* [[Water pollution]]
* [[Land pollution|Land pollution]]

Modern society is also concerned about specific types of pollutants, such as noise pollution, radiation, light pollution, and [[plastics|plastic]] pollution.

== What is a pollutant? ==
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally forming (i.e. minerals or extracted compounds like oil) or anthropogenic in origin (i.e. manufactured materials or by-products from biodegradation).

Pollutants can be categorized in a variety of different ways. For example, it is sometimes useful to distinguish between stock pollutants and fund pollutants. Another way is to group them together according to more specific properties, such as organic, particulate, pharmaceutical, et cetera. The environment has some capacity to absorb many discharges without measurable harm, and this is called “assimilative capacity (or absorptive capacity); a pollutant actually causes pollution when the assimilative capacity is exceeded

==PBT's==
PBT's stand for Persistent, bioaccumulation and toxic substances. PBT's pollute or harm the environment. PBT's is a class with substances that have a high resistance to degradation, can accumulate in organisms throughout the food chain and have high toxicity to the environment, human and animal health. The aim is to minimize the amount of PBT's in the environment as much as possible. PBT is a unique classification of substances that certainly will impact the environment and animal and human health.

The three main attributes explained:

* Persistence

* Bioaccumulative

* Toxic

There are some international treaties around PBT's:
* The Stockholm Convention
* The POP protocol
* OSPAR Convention

==Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)==
POPs are a set of toxic chemicals that are persistent in the environment and able to last for several years before breaking down (UNEP/GPA 2006a). POPs circulate globally and chemicals released in one part of the world can be deposited at far distances from their original source through a repeated process of evaporation and deposition. This makes it very hard to trace the original source of the chemical (http://web.worldbank.org/). POPs are lipophilic, which means that they accumulate in the fatty tissue of living animals and human beings (http://www.unece.org/spot/s01.htm). In fatty tissue, the concentrations can become magnified by up to 70 000 times higher than the background levels (http://web.worldbank.org/). As you move up the food chain, concentrations of POPs tend to increase so that animals at the top of the food chain such as fish, predatory birds, mammals, and humans tend to have the greatest concentrations of these chemicals, and therefore are also at the highest risk from acute and chronic toxic effects.

“Dirty Dozen”. These is a group of 12 highly persistent and toxic chemicals which is called "the dirty dozen":
# Aldrin
# Chlordane
# DDT
# Dieldrin
# Endrin
# Heptachlor
# Hexachlorobenzen
# Mirex
# Polychlorinated biphenyls
# Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
# Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
# Toxaphen

Many of the [[Pesticides|pesticides]] in this group are no longer used for agricultural purposes but a few continue to be used in developing countries.

===What is the effect of POPs===
POPs are highly toxic and exposure can take place through diet, environmental exposure, or accidents. They negatively affect humans, plant and animal species and natural ecosystems both in close proximity and at significant distances away from the original source of discharge.

Exposure to POPs in humans can cause several negative health effects including:
*Death
*Cancers
*Allergies
*Hypersensitivity
*Developmental changes
*Damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems
*Disruption of the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems
*Diabetes, A study published in 2006 suggests that an increased level of POP.s in human blood serum can be linked to Diabetes (Lee et al 2006).

[[category:pollution]]

Good for the Planet

2023-01-23T22:06:32Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Related */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to biodiversity (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* Accelerated [[Climate change]], resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* sharing
* leasing
* reusing
* repairing
* reffurbishing
* recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In pratcice using the circulair economy impies reducing waste. When a prodyct is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefor the life cycle of a product us circulair. Instead of cheap materials and product that easily get thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becomming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*Goodness measurement frameworks like [[ESG]] and [[LCA]]
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Good for the Planet

2023-01-23T22:06:00Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Related */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to biodiversity (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* Accelerated [[Climate change]], resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* sharing
* leasing
* reusing
* repairing
* reffurbishing
* recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In pratcice using the circulair economy impies reducing waste. When a prodyct is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefor the life cycle of a product us circulair. Instead of cheap materials and product that easily get thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becomming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*[[ESG]]
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Emissions

2023-01-23T16:56:03Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* What are the 9 greenhouse gases (GHG)? */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 9 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

[[Air_pollution|Air pollutants]] like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse Gas Emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Scope 1'''|| '''Scope 2''' || '''Scope 3'''
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carbon Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Emissions

2023-01-23T16:52:41Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 9 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse Gas Emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Scope 1'''|| '''Scope 2''' || '''Scope 3'''
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carbon Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Emissions

2023-01-23T16:52:14Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Three groups or scopes */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse Gas Emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Scope 1'''|| '''Scope 2''' || '''Scope 3'''
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carbon Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Emissions

2023-01-23T16:50:27Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Three groups or scopes */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Scope 1'''|| '''Scope 2''' || '''Scope 3'''
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carbon Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Good for the Planet

2023-01-23T16:32:13Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Environmental sustainability */

Doing good for the planet has many angles, each focussing on specific, sometimes overlapping elements.

== The Sustainability pillars==
Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: environmental, social and economic.
** '''Environmental sustainability''', Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global [[Ecosystems]] to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
** '''Social sustainability''', Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people. The quality of a company's relationships and engagement with its stakeholders is critical.
** '''Economic sustainability''', Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

=== Environmental sustainability ===
In simple terms, environmental sustainability is the practice of interacting with the planet responsibly. The survival of humanity and other species on the planet is threatened by the negative impact of irresponsible behaviour:
* [[Resource depletion]], Running out of natural resources will cause instability of the eco-system and finally extinction
* [[Pollution]], Risk to biodiversity (loss of habitat), health and living conditions
* Accelerated [[Climate change]], resulting in rising minimum temperatures, rising sea levels, higher ocean temperatures and an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail).

The total impact is defined as the environmental [[footprint]]. Footprint is the effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on the environment, for example, the number of natural resources that they use and the number of harmful gases that they produce.

=== The circular economy ===
The circular economy can be an important instrument to tackle the current triple planetary crises on climate, biodiversity and pollution. By keeping resources in the loop for longer, we'll avoid emitting greenhouse gases caused by the energy needed to make products.

==== What is the circular economy? ====
=====In theorie =====
The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.

Th European Union produces more than 2,5 billion tonnes of waste every year. Making a shift to circulair economy would help for a lot of issues around climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. A circulair economy is a model of production and consumption that involves:
* sharing
* leasing
* reusing
* repairing
* reffurbishing
* recycling

With using this model the life cycle of a product is extended.

===== In practice =====
In pratcice using the circulair economy impies reducing waste. When a prodyct is at its end of its life cycle, the materials will be kept in the economy. Therefor the life cycle of a product us circulair. Instead of cheap materials and product that easily get thrown away, materials that are more expensive and efficient to recycle, reuse, repair etc are becomming more expensive.

===== Why is it important to have a circulair economy =====
Their are multiple reasons why using a circulair economy instead of a linear economy is important. A few mentioned here.
* The suply of raw materials becomes smaller and our economy depends on the raw materials. Which means that if we do not have excess to raw materials our economy will collaps. Making our economy less dependend on these limited resources is very important to have a healthy economy. When we only use materials that can be recyled infinitly, whe do not need to extract new materials.
* The raw materials used for most of our product have a negative impact on our environment. As well as extracting as using these materials have a negative impact on our environment. For example petroleum based plastics are made from petroleum and or petroleum by products. The process of extracting and making these plastics has a very negative impact on the environment. Once the plastic is made and used the plastic still releases carbon dioxide when the plastic is degrading, melting or being recycled.
* With a circulair economy we have less pollution in the environment. Banding single used plastics results in less pollution in the environment. Once we have a full circulair economy, pollution should be minimized.

[[File:Circular-economy-Butterfly-Infographic.png|600px]]

== Another angle ==
If we want to survive as Human species we need a healthy, sustainable biosystem. We are not
Ecological overshoot occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem. Global overshoot occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew. In other words, humanity's [[footprint|Ecological Footprint]] exceeds what the planet can regenerate.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principles in farming. Agroecology promotes farming practices that; Mitigate climate change - reducing emissions, recycling resources and prioritizing local supply chains.

==Related==
*Resource Conservation
*Agriculture and forestry
*Private households and consumption
*Environment and Economy

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators

==External links==
*[https://climatevisuals.org/ Climate Visuals Library]

Emissions

2023-01-23T16:29:02Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Documents & External links */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Scope 1|| Scope 2 || Scope 3
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carbon Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Emissions

2023-01-23T16:28:50Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Documents & External links */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Scope 1|| Scope 2 || Scope 3
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# Carobn Calculator - LCA]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

LCA

2023-01-23T16:27:31Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Documents & External links */

Life cycle assessment or LCA is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service.

==LCA phases==
* Production phase
* Construction phase
* Use phase
* Demolition and processing stage
* Possibility for reuse, recovery and recycling
The LCA executor calculates the energy used, the raw materials and released waste and emissions for each life phase. These results can be added to NMD (National Environmental Database) and are then available to everyone. Environmental efforts such as extra sustainable transport are also reflected in the MKI (Environmental Cost Indicator). The MKI also encourages tenderers to select the most sustainable supplier of products and services in order to arrive at the lowest possible MKI contract and to get contracts awarded. A circular economy is extremely important. Especially when it comes to scarce raw materials. However, circular material does not always mean that it is also sustainable. It has been found that some circular materials have a negative effect on the environment. This only emerges in an LCA. Buyers can rest assured that the MKI values are reliably provided the LCA has been verified by an independent verifier. MKI has the advantage that sustainable investments really come forward and this makes sustainable products more attractive to buyers. A prepared LCA can be used for 5 years, so the costs are only incurred once every 5 years.

LCA

2023-01-23T16:27:09Z

Hans.de.Gier:

Emissions

2023-01-23T16:26:43Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Documents & External links */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==== Carbon dioxide (CO2) ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Scope 1|| Scope 2 || Scope 3
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

2023-01-19T09:58:48Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Water vapour as a greenhouse gas */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour (H2O) as a greenhouse gas ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==== Carbon dioxide ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Scope 1|| Scope 2 || Scope 3
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# LSA Calculator]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]

Emissions

2023-01-19T09:54:51Z

Hans.de.Gier: /* Indurtsial revolution */

Emission means (when in the context of climate and sustainability) the release of substances directly into the air or atmosphere over a specified area and period of time that pollute or harm the environment including the health of humans and animals. One class of these gases that harm the environment are greenhouse gases (GHG). When greenhouse gasses get emitted into the atmosphere they enhance the greenhouse effect of planet earth and cause the surface temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases are causing the climate change of planet earth.

===What is the difference between emission and imission?===
Emission means the mass of substances released into the atmosphere over a period of time. Imission is the concentration of pollutants or substances that harm the environment in the atmosphere that we can measure.

==Greenhouse gases==
===What is the definition of greenhouse gases?===
Greenhouse gas (sometimes indicated as GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. As a result of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, planet Earth has a so-called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the way that heat is trapped close to the service of the Earth due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are often described as a blanket around the Earth trapping the heat of the earth. If greenhouse gasses would not exist, planet Earth would have an average of -18 degrees Celsius instead of the 15 degrees Celsius that the average temperature is of planet Earth (at the moment). Not only planet Earth has greenhouse gases, but also Venus, Mars and Titan have greenhouse gases. Having greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is necessary for life on earth and e greenhouse gases have cycles as well. For example, Carbon dioxide is a GHG that plants use to make glucose. After the glucose is formed there are four reactions that can happen to get the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 1. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy to grow and releases the energy to the atmosphere, 2. Humans or animals eat the plant and break down the glucose for energy and release the carbon back into the atmosphere, 3. Plant die and decay and the glucose get broken down by bacteria releasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and number 4. Plants get burned and the glucose reacts with the oxygen and gets released into the air as carbon dioxide. New plants can grow using the carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide becomes only a problem under one of these conditions:
* Deforestation: There are much fewer plants to absorb the carbon dioxide resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are stored glucose from plants and under particular conditions turned into fossil fuel. Glucose
is not part of the carbon cycle. When the fossil fuel gets burned, extra carbon dioxide gets released into the air resulting in an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Both these scenarios (and sometimes even combined) result in an enhanced greenhouse effect making the temperature of the earth rise.

=== Industrial revolution ===
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide massively. With this amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the average temperature of planet earth could increase by 2 degrees Celsius with massive consequences. The vast majority of the emission of greenhouse gasses is due to burning fossil fuels, cement production, fertilizers production and deforestation.

== The Earth's atmosphere ==
The earth's atmosphere consists of 3 main gases:
78% nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0,9% Argon (Ar)
These gases are no greenhouse gases. What makes a gas a greenhouse gas is the ability to absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Molecules containing 2 of the same atoms like nitrogen and oxygen have no net change in distributing their electoral changes when the vibrate and monoatomic molecules like Argon do not vibrate at all and both are therefore almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation.
The last 0,1% of the Earth's atmosphere includes greenhouse gases

=== What are the 7 greenhouse gases (GHG)? ===
* Water vapour (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous oxide (N2O)
* Ozone (O3)
* Industrial gases:
** Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
** Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
** Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
** Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Air pollutants like ammonia (NH3) are the other type of gaseous emissions from agriculture. They are not greenhouse gases, but they do negatively impact human and animal health while also damaging ecosystems.

== Water vapour as a greenhouse gas ==
Water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect. When the sky is clear the greenhouse effect of water vapour is lower than when the sky is very cloudy. Human activities do not directly influence the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere except for the local scale. For example the use of water irrigation. Even though water vapour is a greenhouse gas it is not the cause of global warming. Water vapour is an indirect effect of global warming also called water vapour feedback. Because of global warming, there is more water vapour in the atmosphere, as a result, there is positive feedback resulting in more heat getting trapped. However, the cloud does also reflect solar radiation. Even though water vapour accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, water vapour has been stable and has an average residence of 9 days compared to centuries like other GHG. Therefore water vapour is not the biggest concern in the case of global warming and climate change.

==What are the most significant sources of emissions per GHG that gets emitted?==
=== The global warming potential ===
The global warming potential indicates how much energy the emission of 1 ton of a gas will absorb. The higher the GWP the bigger the thread of the GHG to global warming. By using the GWP the impact of different greenhouse gasses can be compared.
GWP of the 4 largest sources of emission:
* Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP regardless of the time period
* Methane: 27-30 GWP over 100 years
* Nitrous Oxide: 273 GWP over 100 years
* Chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride: High GWP's, somewhere in the thousands or even ten thousand

==== Carbon dioxide ====
Carbon dioxide has a natural occurrence in nature and a cycle through land, ocean and atmosphere. In 2020 carbon dioxide accounted for 79% of all US GHG emissions caused by human activities.
The main emissions of carbon dioxide by human activity
* Transportation: transportation by using fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline to transport goods and people. Transportation was the largest source of carbon dioxide in 2020
* Electricity: Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. To generate an amount of electricity using fossil fuels, burning coal will produce more carbon dioxide than natural gas or oil.
* Industry: Industrial processes emit carbon dioxide directly by burning fossil fuels or indirectly by using energy that is generated by fossil fuels.

====Methane====
Globally between 50% and 65% of all methane emissions comes from human activity and in 2020 methane accounted for 11% of all US GHG emission by human activities.
The main sources of methane by human activity
* Agriculture: Domestic livestock like cattle, sheep, swine etc. Methane is naturally produced by animals and when animal manure is stored methane gets produced
* Energy & Industry: Natural gas and petroleum systems are the second largest source of methane. Methane is a primary component of natural gas as well as coal mining.
* Waste from homes and businesses: Methane is generated in landfills when waste decomposes and in the treatment of wastewater. Methane is also produced/generated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, composting and anaerobic digestion.

====Nitrous Oxide====
Nitrous oxide accounts for about 7% of all US greenhouse gas emission caused by human activities and globally around 40% of all nitrous oxide emission is due to human activities.
The main sources of nitrous oxide by human activity
* Agriculture: Agriculture soil management activities like application of fertilizers, synthetic as well as organic and other cropping practices.
* Fuel combustion: Nitrous oxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned. The amount of nitrous oxide that gets emitted depends on the type of fuel, combustion technology maintenance and operating skills.
* Industry: Nitrous oxide is a byproduct during the production of chemicals such as fertilizers or nylon
* Waste: Nitrous oxide is generated from the treatment of domestic wastewater during nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen present, usually in the form of urine, ammonia and proteins.

====Fluorinated Gases====
Fluorinated gases come entirely from human activities emitted via a variety of industrial processes such as aluminium and semiconductor manufacturing. Fluorinated gases are the most potent and longest-lasting type of greenhouse gas emitted by humans
The main sources of fluorinated gases by human activity
* Used as a substitution for ozone-depleting substances: Fluorinated gases are used as a substitution for gases that damage the ozone layer. Mostly in the form of refrigerants (air-conditioning), aerosol propellants, fire retardants, foam-blowing agents and solvents.
* Industry: Perfluorocarbons are produced as a by-product of aluminium production and are used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, sulfur hexafluoride is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Nitrogen trifluoride is used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Transmission and distribution of electricity: Sulfur hexafluoride is used as an insulating gas in electrical transmission equipment including circuit breaks. The GWP of sulfur fluoride is 22,800 GWP making it de most potent greenhouse gas that the intergovernmental penal on climate change has evaluated

==Three groups or scopes==
Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into three groups or 'Scopes' by the most widely-used international accounting tool, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Scope 1|| Scope 2 || Scope 3
|-
|
* Fuel combustion
*Company vehicles
* Fugitive emissions
|| Purchased electricity, heat and steam || Purchased goods and services

Business travel

Employee commuting
Waste disposal
Use of sold products

Transportation and distribution (up- and downstream)

Investments

Leased assets and franchises
|}

===Emissions in Farming===
* [https://saiplatform.org/our-work/reports-publications/practical-guidance-for-mitigating-ghg-emissions-in-beef-dairy-systems/ Mitigatin GHG Emissions in Beef Dairy systems]

===Documents & External links===
* [https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
* [https://legalsustainabilityalliance.com/carbon-calculator/# LSA Calculator]
* [https://thecarbonalmanac.org/ The Carbon Almanac, by Seth Godin]

[[category:pollution]]